Desafíos actuales en torno a la investigación en apego infantil en el contexto chileno
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Publicado
11/2013
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Resumen
En aras de generar conocimiento contextualizado con los recursos disponibles, el presente artículo hace una revisión de aquellos aspectos necesarios de considerar en torno a la investigación en apego infantil en Chile. La revisión se centra en tópicos agrupados en características de la población a intervenir, características de las intervenciones, y aspectos metodológicos. Por otra parte se presenta la complejidad del contexto chileno, mostrando las fortalezas y dificultades encontradas para lograr los estándares de calidad internacionales en investigaciones en apego. Se concluye que para diseñar programas de intervención temprana en apego que sean efectivos, es necesario tomar en cuenta, entre otros, factores tales como: el foco de la intervención, variables mediadoras; evaluaciones a corto y largo plazo; inclusión de un tamaño muestral que permita extraer conclusiones significativas y soportar las pérdidas, y utilizar instrumentos válidos y confiables. Por otra parte se postula la necesidad de unir esfuerzos tanto intelectuales como económicos.
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Palabras clave
apego, diseño de investigación, intervenciones tempranas
Número
Sección
Artículos de revisión
Derechos de autor 2017 Summa Psicológica
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Referencias
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Ainsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. New Jersey: Erlbaum.
Ammaniti, M., Speranza, A., Tambelli, R., Muscetta, S., Lucarelli, L., Vismara, L., Odorisio, F. & Cimino, F. (2006). A prevention and promotion intervention program in the field of motherinfant relationship. Infant Mental Health Journal, 27, 70-90.
Anisfeld, E., Casper, V., Nocyze, M. & Cunningham, N. (1990). Does infant carrying promote attachment? An experimental study of the effects of increased physical contact on the development of attachment. Child Development. 61 (5), 1617-1627.
Aracena, M., Krause, M., Salvatierra, L., Soto, M., Pantoja, T., Farah, C. & Méndez, M. J. A. (2007). Cost-Effectiveness evaluation of home visit program for adolescent mothers. Manuscrito enviado para publicación.
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., Juffer, F. & van Izendoorn, M. (1998). Interventions with video feedback and attachment discussions: Does type of maternal insecurity make a difference? Infant Mental Health Journal, 19 (2), Special issue: 6th World Congress, World Association of Infant Mental Health. 202-219.
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., van Izendoorn, M. & Juffer, F. (2005). Disorganized Infant Attachment and preventive interventions: A review and meta-analysis. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26 (3), 191-216.
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., Juffer, F., Van IJzendoorn, M. (2003). Less is More: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin, 129 (2), 195-215.
Bedregal (2006). Eficacia y efectividad en la atención de niños entre 0 y 4 años [Versión electrónica] Expansiva , 79, 1-30.
Belsky, J. (1999). Interactional and contextual determinants of attachment security. En J. Cassidy, & P. Shaver. Handbook of attachment: theory, research and clinical applications (pp. 249-265). New York: Guilford Press.
Cohen, N., Muir, E., Lojkasek, M., Muir, R., Parker, C., Barwick, M. & Brown, M. (1999). Watch, wait and wonder: testing the effectiveness of a new approach to mother- infant psychotherapy. Infant Mental Health Journal. 20 (4), 429-451.
Cooper, P.J., & Murray, L. (1997). The impact of psychological treatments of postpartum depression on maternal mood and infant development. En L. Murray & P. J. Cooper, Postpartum depression and child development (pp. 201-261). New York: Guilford Press.
Crittenden, P. M. (1985). Social networks, Quality of Child Rearing, and Child Development. Child Development, 56, 1299-1313.
Crnic, K. A. & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). Maternal stress, social support, and coping: influences on the early mother-infant relationship. En C. F. Z. Boukydis (Ed.). Research on support for parents and infants in the postnatal period (pp. 25-40). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Egeland, B. & Erickson, M.F. (1993). Attachment theory and findings: Implications for prevention and intervention. En S. Kramer & H. Parens (Eds.). Prevention in mental health: Now, tomorrow, ever? (pp. 21-50). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Garrido, L., Santelices, M. P., Pierrehumbert, P., Armijo, I. (2007). Validación chilena del cuestionario de evaluación de apego en el adulto CaMir. (Artículo enviado a la Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología).
Gelfl and, D., Teti, D., Seiner, S. & Jameson, P. (1996). Helping mothers fight depression: Evaluation of a home-based intervention program for depressed mothers and their infants. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 406-422.
Gurung, R. (2006). Models of Behavior Change. En M. Sordi (Ed.), Health Psychology, A cultural Approach (pp. 172-199). Thomson Wadswoth: Canada.
Heinicke, C.M., Diskin, S.D., Ramsey-Klee, D.M. & Oates, D.S. (1986). Pre and postbirth antecedents of 2-year-old attention, capacity for relationships, and verbal expressiveness. Developmental Psychology, 22 (6), 777-787.
Heinicke, C.M., Beckwith, L. & Thompson, A. (1988). Early intervention in the family system: A framework and review. Infant Mental Health Journal, 9 (2), 111-141.
Heinicke, C.M., Fineman, N. R., Ruth, G., Recchia, S.L., Guthrie, D. & Rodning, C. (1999). Relationship-based intervention with at-risk mothers: outcome in the first year of life. Infant Mental Health Journal, 20, 349-374.
Heinicke, C. M., Fineman, N.R., Ponce, V.A. & Guthrie, D. (2001). Relation-Based intervention with at-risk mothers: outcomes in the second year of life. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22, 431-462.
Huth-Bocks, A., Levendosky, A., Bogat, A. & von Eye, A. (2004). The Impact of Maternal Characteristics and a Contextual Variables on Infant-Mother Attachment. Child Development. 75 (2), 480-496.
Huxley, P. & Warner, R. (1993) Primary prevention of parenting dysfunction in high-risk cases. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 582-588.
Jacobson, S., Frye, K. (1991) Effect of maternal social support on attachment: Experimental evidence. Child Development . 62 (3) 572-582.
Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. & van Izendoorn, M. (2005). The importance of Parenting in the development of disorganized attachment: evidence of a preventive intervention study in adoptive families. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 3, 263-274.
Lyons-Ruth, K., Connell, D., Grunebaum, H. (1990). Infants at social risk: Maternal depression and family support services as mediators of infant development and security of attachment. Child Development, 61, 85-98.
Madigan, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., van Izendoorn, M., Moran, G., Pederson, D. & Benoit, D. (2006). Unresolved states of mind, anomalous parental behavior, and disorganized attachment: A review and meta-analysis of a transmission gap. Attachment & Human Development, 8, 89-111.
Olds, D.L., Henderson, C.R., Chamberlin, R., & Tatelbaum, R. (1986). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics, 78, 65-77.
Olds, D., Robinson, J., O’Brien, R. Luckey, D., Pettitt, L., Henderson, C. et al. (2002). Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 110, 486-496.
Olds, D., Robinson, J., Pettit, L., Luckey, D., Holmberg, J., Rossana K. et al. (2004). Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses: age 4 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114 (6), 1560-1568.
Olds, D., Sadler S. & Kitzman H. (2007). Programs for parents of infants and toddlers: recent evidence from randomized trials. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 48 (3/4), 355–391.
Ortiz, J., Borré, A., Carrillo, S. & Gutiérrez, G. (2006). Relación de apego en madres adolescentes y sus bebés canguro [Versión electrónica]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 38 (1), 71– 86.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas (2000). Juventud, Población y Desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe [Youth, population and development in Latin America and the Caribbean]. México, D.F.: CEPAL.
Pierrumbert, B., Karmaniola, A., Sieye, A., Meister, C., Miljkovitch, R. & Halfon, O. (1996). Les modèles de relations: Développement d’un autoquestionnaire d’attachment pour adultes, CaMir. Psyquiatrie de l’enfant, vol. XXXIX, 1, 161-206.
Ramey, S. L. & Ramey, C. T. (2006). Early Educational Interventions: Principles of Effective and Sustained Benefi ts from Targeret Early Educations Programs. En D. K. Dickinson & S. B. Neuman (Eds). Handbook of Early Literacy Research, Vol. 2. Guilford Press: New York.
Santelices, M.P., Ramírez, V., Armijo, I., Pérez-Salas C.P. (2008). Propiedades psicométricas de la versión chilena del cuestionario de apego en adultos “CAMIR”. Psicopatología y Salud Mental, 11, 49-59.
Sajaniemi, N., Makela, J., Salokorpi, T. (2001). Cognitive performance and attachment patterns at four years of age in extremely low birth weight infants after early intervention. European Child & Adolescent Psyvhiatry. 10, 120-19. Strasser, K. (2006). Evaluación de programas de intervención temprana [Versión electrónica] Expansiva, 78, 1-26.
Streiner, D. & Norman, G. 1999). Health Measurment scales. A practical guide to their development and use. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Van den Boom, D. (1994). The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment exploration: An experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with irritable infants. Child Development, 65, 1457-1477.
van Izendoorn, M. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 387–403.
Velderman, K., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., Juffer, F. & van Izendroorn, M. (2006). Effects of Attachment-Based Interventions on Maternal Sensitivity ans Infant Attachment: Differential susceptibility of Highly Reactive Infants. Journal of Family Psychology, 20 (2), 266-274.
Whitehurst, D. S., Arnold, J. N., Epstein, A. L. Angell, M. Smith & J. E. Fischel (1994). A picture Book Reading Intervention in Day Care and Home for children from Low-Income Families. Development Pshychology, 30 (5), 679-696.
Wutzke, S.; Conigrave, K.; Kogler, B.; Saunders, J. & Hall, W. (2000). Drug and Alcohol Review, 19 (2), 159- 163.
Ainsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. New Jersey: Erlbaum.
Ammaniti, M., Speranza, A., Tambelli, R., Muscetta, S., Lucarelli, L., Vismara, L., Odorisio, F. & Cimino, F. (2006). A prevention and promotion intervention program in the field of motherinfant relationship. Infant Mental Health Journal, 27, 70-90.
Anisfeld, E., Casper, V., Nocyze, M. & Cunningham, N. (1990). Does infant carrying promote attachment? An experimental study of the effects of increased physical contact on the development of attachment. Child Development. 61 (5), 1617-1627.
Aracena, M., Krause, M., Salvatierra, L., Soto, M., Pantoja, T., Farah, C. & Méndez, M. J. A. (2007). Cost-Effectiveness evaluation of home visit program for adolescent mothers. Manuscrito enviado para publicación.
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., Juffer, F. & van Izendoorn, M. (1998). Interventions with video feedback and attachment discussions: Does type of maternal insecurity make a difference? Infant Mental Health Journal, 19 (2), Special issue: 6th World Congress, World Association of Infant Mental Health. 202-219.
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., van Izendoorn, M. & Juffer, F. (2005). Disorganized Infant Attachment and preventive interventions: A review and meta-analysis. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26 (3), 191-216.
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., Juffer, F., Van IJzendoorn, M. (2003). Less is More: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin, 129 (2), 195-215.
Bedregal (2006). Eficacia y efectividad en la atención de niños entre 0 y 4 años [Versión electrónica] Expansiva , 79, 1-30.
Belsky, J. (1999). Interactional and contextual determinants of attachment security. En J. Cassidy, & P. Shaver. Handbook of attachment: theory, research and clinical applications (pp. 249-265). New York: Guilford Press.
Cohen, N., Muir, E., Lojkasek, M., Muir, R., Parker, C., Barwick, M. & Brown, M. (1999). Watch, wait and wonder: testing the effectiveness of a new approach to mother- infant psychotherapy. Infant Mental Health Journal. 20 (4), 429-451.
Cooper, P.J., & Murray, L. (1997). The impact of psychological treatments of postpartum depression on maternal mood and infant development. En L. Murray & P. J. Cooper, Postpartum depression and child development (pp. 201-261). New York: Guilford Press.
Crittenden, P. M. (1985). Social networks, Quality of Child Rearing, and Child Development. Child Development, 56, 1299-1313.
Crnic, K. A. & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). Maternal stress, social support, and coping: influences on the early mother-infant relationship. En C. F. Z. Boukydis (Ed.). Research on support for parents and infants in the postnatal period (pp. 25-40). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Egeland, B. & Erickson, M.F. (1993). Attachment theory and findings: Implications for prevention and intervention. En S. Kramer & H. Parens (Eds.). Prevention in mental health: Now, tomorrow, ever? (pp. 21-50). Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
Garrido, L., Santelices, M. P., Pierrehumbert, P., Armijo, I. (2007). Validación chilena del cuestionario de evaluación de apego en el adulto CaMir. (Artículo enviado a la Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología).
Gelfl and, D., Teti, D., Seiner, S. & Jameson, P. (1996). Helping mothers fight depression: Evaluation of a home-based intervention program for depressed mothers and their infants. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 406-422.
Gurung, R. (2006). Models of Behavior Change. En M. Sordi (Ed.), Health Psychology, A cultural Approach (pp. 172-199). Thomson Wadswoth: Canada.
Heinicke, C.M., Diskin, S.D., Ramsey-Klee, D.M. & Oates, D.S. (1986). Pre and postbirth antecedents of 2-year-old attention, capacity for relationships, and verbal expressiveness. Developmental Psychology, 22 (6), 777-787.
Heinicke, C.M., Beckwith, L. & Thompson, A. (1988). Early intervention in the family system: A framework and review. Infant Mental Health Journal, 9 (2), 111-141.
Heinicke, C.M., Fineman, N. R., Ruth, G., Recchia, S.L., Guthrie, D. & Rodning, C. (1999). Relationship-based intervention with at-risk mothers: outcome in the first year of life. Infant Mental Health Journal, 20, 349-374.
Heinicke, C. M., Fineman, N.R., Ponce, V.A. & Guthrie, D. (2001). Relation-Based intervention with at-risk mothers: outcomes in the second year of life. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22, 431-462.
Huth-Bocks, A., Levendosky, A., Bogat, A. & von Eye, A. (2004). The Impact of Maternal Characteristics and a Contextual Variables on Infant-Mother Attachment. Child Development. 75 (2), 480-496.
Huxley, P. & Warner, R. (1993) Primary prevention of parenting dysfunction in high-risk cases. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 582-588.
Jacobson, S., Frye, K. (1991) Effect of maternal social support on attachment: Experimental evidence. Child Development . 62 (3) 572-582.
Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. & van Izendoorn, M. (2005). The importance of Parenting in the development of disorganized attachment: evidence of a preventive intervention study in adoptive families. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 3, 263-274.
Lyons-Ruth, K., Connell, D., Grunebaum, H. (1990). Infants at social risk: Maternal depression and family support services as mediators of infant development and security of attachment. Child Development, 61, 85-98.
Madigan, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., van Izendoorn, M., Moran, G., Pederson, D. & Benoit, D. (2006). Unresolved states of mind, anomalous parental behavior, and disorganized attachment: A review and meta-analysis of a transmission gap. Attachment & Human Development, 8, 89-111.
Olds, D.L., Henderson, C.R., Chamberlin, R., & Tatelbaum, R. (1986). Preventing child abuse and neglect: A randomized trial of nurse home visitation. Pediatrics, 78, 65-77.
Olds, D., Robinson, J., O’Brien, R. Luckey, D., Pettitt, L., Henderson, C. et al. (2002). Home visiting by paraprofessionals and by nurses: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics, 110, 486-496.
Olds, D., Robinson, J., Pettit, L., Luckey, D., Holmberg, J., Rossana K. et al. (2004). Effects of home visits by paraprofessionals and by nurses: age 4 follow-up results of a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 114 (6), 1560-1568.
Olds, D., Sadler S. & Kitzman H. (2007). Programs for parents of infants and toddlers: recent evidence from randomized trials. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 48 (3/4), 355–391.
Ortiz, J., Borré, A., Carrillo, S. & Gutiérrez, G. (2006). Relación de apego en madres adolescentes y sus bebés canguro [Versión electrónica]. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 38 (1), 71– 86.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas (2000). Juventud, Población y Desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe [Youth, population and development in Latin America and the Caribbean]. México, D.F.: CEPAL.
Pierrumbert, B., Karmaniola, A., Sieye, A., Meister, C., Miljkovitch, R. & Halfon, O. (1996). Les modèles de relations: Développement d’un autoquestionnaire d’attachment pour adultes, CaMir. Psyquiatrie de l’enfant, vol. XXXIX, 1, 161-206.
Ramey, S. L. & Ramey, C. T. (2006). Early Educational Interventions: Principles of Effective and Sustained Benefi ts from Targeret Early Educations Programs. En D. K. Dickinson & S. B. Neuman (Eds). Handbook of Early Literacy Research, Vol. 2. Guilford Press: New York.
Santelices, M.P., Ramírez, V., Armijo, I., Pérez-Salas C.P. (2008). Propiedades psicométricas de la versión chilena del cuestionario de apego en adultos “CAMIR”. Psicopatología y Salud Mental, 11, 49-59.
Sajaniemi, N., Makela, J., Salokorpi, T. (2001). Cognitive performance and attachment patterns at four years of age in extremely low birth weight infants after early intervention. European Child & Adolescent Psyvhiatry. 10, 120-19. Strasser, K. (2006). Evaluación de programas de intervención temprana [Versión electrónica] Expansiva, 78, 1-26.
Streiner, D. & Norman, G. 1999). Health Measurment scales. A practical guide to their development and use. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Van den Boom, D. (1994). The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment exploration: An experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with irritable infants. Child Development, 65, 1457-1477.
van Izendoorn, M. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 387–403.
Velderman, K., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., Juffer, F. & van Izendroorn, M. (2006). Effects of Attachment-Based Interventions on Maternal Sensitivity ans Infant Attachment: Differential susceptibility of Highly Reactive Infants. Journal of Family Psychology, 20 (2), 266-274.
Whitehurst, D. S., Arnold, J. N., Epstein, A. L. Angell, M. Smith & J. E. Fischel (1994). A picture Book Reading Intervention in Day Care and Home for children from Low-Income Families. Development Pshychology, 30 (5), 679-696.
Wutzke, S.; Conigrave, K.; Kogler, B.; Saunders, J. & Hall, W. (2000). Drug and Alcohol Review, 19 (2), 159- 163.