Emociones y cultura árabe
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Publicado
12/2014
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Resumen
En el presente artículo hemos tratado de sintetizar el escaso conocimiento que poseemos en Psicología sobre la concepción de las emociones en el mundo árabe. La importancia de la cultura árabe en el mundo, la relevancia e influencia de la religión musulmana con más de 250 millones de fi eles en todo el planeta, y la existencia de una referencia lingüística universal, la convierten en una de las culturas más importantes e influyentes. Asimismo, España se ha convertido en los últimos años en un receptor de población inmigrante procedente de diversos países y regiones árabes que conviven con nosotros. Un conocimiento psicológico, psicosocial y emocional de mayor calado proporcionaría una visión más cercana y fi el de una cultura cuyo conocimiento se nos presenta imprescindible. A nuestro juicio, el escaso conocimiento que poseemos sobre la cultura árabe en Psicología de la emoción se podría condensar en dos conceptos: vergüenza y honor. No obstante, trataremos de completar la descripción a través del concepto de emoción en árabe y de un apunte sobre el concepto de tristeza en dicha lengua.
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Palabras clave
Emociones, cultura árabe-musulmana, honor, vergüenza, tristeza
Número
Sección
Artículos de revisión
Derechos de autor 2017 Summa Psicológica
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Referencias
Aboudan, R. y Beattie, G. (1996). Cross cultural similarities in gestures: The deep relationship between gestures and speech which transcends language barriers. Semiotica, 111-3/4, 269-294.
Abu-Lughod, L. (1986). Veiled sentiments. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Abu-Odeh, L. (2000). Crimes of honor and the construction of gender in Arab societies. En P. Ilkkaracan (Ed.), Women and sexuality in Muslim societies (pp. 215-228). Estambul: Women for women human rights-New Ways.
Ahmed, R. A & Gielen, U. P. (1998). Psychology in the Arab countries. Menoufi a, Egypt: Menoufi a University Press.
Akpinar, A. (1998). Male´s honor and female´s shame. Gender and ethnic identity constructions among Turkish divorcées in the migration context. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Uppsala.
Akpinar, A. (2003). The honor/shame complex revisited: violence against women in the migration context. Women’s studies international forum, 26, 5, 425-442.
Al-Khawaja, J. M. A. (1997). Clinical description of children’s anxiety during the Gulf War. Psychological Reports, 80 (3, Pt 1), 733-734. Al-Munyid Alabyadî, 7th edition (1989). Beirut, Líbano: Dar El-Machreq Sarl Publishers.
Antoun, R. T. (1968). On the modesty of women in Arab Muslim villages: A study in accommodation of traditions. American Anthropologist, 70, 671-697.
Ausubel, D. P. (1955). Relationship between shame and guilt in the socialization process. Psychological Review, 62(5), 378-390.
Ba’albaki, M. & Ba’albaki, R. (1999). Al-Mawrid: English-Arabic, Arabic-English Dictionary. Beirut: Dar al-’Ilm li-al-Malayin.
Barakat, H. (1993). The arab world. Society, culture and state. University of California Press.
Barry, D. T. (2005). Measuring acculturation among male Arab Immigrants in the United States: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Immigrant Health, 7(3), 179-184.
Barry, D. T.; Elliott, R. & Evans, E M. (2000). Foreigners in a strange land: Self-construal and ethnic identity in male Arabic immigrants. Journal of Immigrant Health, 2(3), 133-144.
Barr-Zisowitz, C. (2000). “Sadness”-Is there such a thing? En M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed.) (pp. 607-621). Nueva York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Bar-Tal, D. (2004). The necessity of observing real life situations: Palestinian-Israeli violence as a laboratory for learning about social behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34(6), 677-701.
Berger, M. (1964). El mundo árabe actual. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sur.
Bierbrauer, G. (1992). Reactions to violation of normative standards: A cross-cultural analysis of shame and guilt. International Journal of Psychology, 27, 2: 181-193.
Bourdieu, P. (1968). El sentimiento del honor en la sociedad de Cabilia. En J. G. Peristiany (ed.), El concepto de honor en la sociedad mediterránea (pp. 175-224). Barcelona: Editorial Labor.
Bourdieu, P. (2005). La dominación masculina. Barcelona: Anagrama.
Briggs, J. L. (1970). Never in anger: Portrait of an Eskimo family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Brown, L. C. & Itzkowitz, N. (1977). Psychological dimensions of near eastern studies. Princeton, Nueva Jersey: The Darwin Press.
Casado, C. (2003). La concepción de la emoción desde una perspectiva intercultural. El concepto de emocionado en varios idiomas y culturas. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Tesis Doctoral.
Casado, C. (2006). El concepto de emoción español emocionado. Revista de Psicología Social, 21 (1), 75-94.
Casado, C. (in progress). The concept of sadness: A cross cultural study.
Chaleby, K. (1992). Psychotherapy with Arab patients, toward a culturally oriented technique. Arab Journal of Psychiatry, 3(1), 16-27.
Comás, J. (2006, 14 de abril). Nueve años de cárcel para el turco que mató a su hermana en Berlín “por honor”. El País. http://www.fundacionmujeres.es/violenciasporhonor/informacionasp?id=640
Corriente, F. (1988). Nuevo diccionario español-árabe. Madrid: Instituto Hispano-Árabe de Cultura.
Delaney, C. (1991). The seed and the soil. Gender and cosmology in Turkish village society. California: University of California Press.
Diab, L. N. (1959). Authoritarianism and prejudice in near-eastern students attending American universities. Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 175-187.
Dodd, P. C. (1973). Family honor and the forces of change in Arab society. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 4, 40-54.
Ekman, P. (1984). Expression and the nature of emotion. En K. Scherer & P. Ekman (eds.), Approaches to emotion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Feghali, E. (1997). Arab cultural communication patterns. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21, (3), 345-378.
Gillespie, J. M. & Allport, G. W. (1955). Youth´s outlook on the future. Doubleday papers in Psychology, 15. Nueva York: Doubleday.
Glidden, H. W. (1972). The Arab world. American Journal of Psychiatry, 128 (8): 984-988.
Good, B. J., Good, M. D., & Moradi, R. (1985). The interpretation of Iranian depressive illness and dysphoric affect. En A. Kleinman & B. Good (Eds.), Culture and depression: Studies in the anthropology and cross-cultural psychiatry of affect and disorder (pp. 369-428). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gregg, G. S. (2005). The Middle East: A cultural psychology. Series in culture, cognition, and behavior. Nueva York, US: Oxford University Press.
Hamady, S. (1960). Temperament and character of the arabs. Nueva York: Twayne.
Jackson, M. L. (1997). Counseling Arab Americans. In C. C. Lee (Ed), Multicultural issues in counseling: New approaches to diversity (2nd ed.) (pp. 333-349). Alejandría, VA, US: American Counseling Association.
Khalid, M. (1977). The sociocultural determinants of Arab diplomacy. En G. N. Atiyeh (ed.), Arab and American cultures. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
Kurdish Women Action Against Honour Killing (KWAHK) (2002). In Memory of Fadime Sahindal: Thoughts on the Struggle Against “Honour Killing”. http://www.kwahk.org/index.asp
Laffi n, J. (1975). The arab mind: a need for understanding. Londres: Cassell.
Levy, R. I. (1973). Tahitians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lutz, C. (1988). Ethnographic perspectives on the emotion lexicon. En V. Hamilton, G. H. Bower & N. H. Frijda (Eds.), Cognitive perspective on emotion and motivation (pp. 399-419). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic.
Maalej, Z. (2004). Figurative language in anger expressions in Tunisian Arabic: An extended view of embodiment. Metaphor and Symbol, 19(1), 51-75
Mackey, S. (1987). Saudis: Inside the desert kingdom. Nueva York: Signet.
Melikian, L. (1956). Some correlates of authoritarianism in two cultural groups. Journal of Psychology, 42, 237-248.
Morocco, J. (1983). Some correlates of the Arab character. Psychology, A Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior, 20, Nº 3-4.
Moughrabi, F. M. (1978). The Arab basic personality: A critical survey of the literature. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 9, 99-112.
Patai, R. (1976). The arab mind. Nueva York: Charles Scribner´s Sons.
Pervizat, L. (2002). ‘‘Honour’’ killings in Turkey: Stories of extra-judicial executions. International Children’s Rights Monitor, 15(1), 18– 21.
Peristiany, J. G. (1968). El concepto de honor en la sociedad mediterránea (pp. 175-224). Barcelona: Editorial Labor.
Peristiany, J. G. (1974). Honour and shame: the values of Mediterranean society. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Pines, A. M. (1997). Gender differences in burnout: Israelis´ responses to the Intifada. European Psychologist, 2, 1, 28-34.
Pitt-Rivers, J. A. (1979). Antropología del honor o política de los sexos: La influencia del honor y el sexo en la vida de los pueblos mediterráneos. Barcelona: Crítica.
Prothro, E. T. & Melikian, L. H. (1953). The California Public Opinion Scale in an authoritarian culture. Public Opinion Quarterly, 17, 353-62.
Rosaldo, R. I. (1984). Grief and a headhunter´s rage: On the cultural force of emotions. En S. Plattner & E. M. Bruner (Eds.), Text, play and story: The construction and reconstruction of self and society (pp. 178-195). Washington, DC: American Ethnological Society.
Rubin, S. S. & Yasien-Esmael, H. (2004). Loss and bereavement among Israel’s Muslims: Acceptance of God’s will, grief, and the relationship to the deceased. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 49(2), 149-162.
Sanua, V. D. (1974). The Psychology of the arab peasantry an its implications for the arab-israeli conflict. Middle East Review, 2, 48-62.
Sarhan, E-D. A-M (1950). Interests and culture. Contributions to education, nº 959, Teachers College. Nueva York: Columbia University.
Sharabi, H. (1977). Impact of class and culture on social behavior: The feudal bourgeois family in Arab society. En L. C. Brown & N. Itzhowitz (eds.), Psychological dimensions of Near Eastern studies. Princeton, NJ: The Darwin Press.
Solomon, Z. (1996). Responses of mental health professionals to man-made trauma: The Israeli experience. Social Science & Medicine, 43(5), 769-774.
Souheil, I. & Jabbour, A-N. (2000). Al-Manhal Dictionnaire: Français-Arabe. Beirut, Líbano: Dar Aladab.
Wehr, H. (1979). A dictionary of modern written arabic. (Arabic-English). Editado por J. Milton Cowan, 4th edition. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Youssef, H. (1994). Arabic expression of emotion. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165(3), 407.
Zeid, A. A. M. (1968). Honor y vergüenza entre los beduinos de Egipto. En J. G. Peristiany (ed.), El concepto de honor en la sociedad mediterránea (pp. 225-239). Barcelona: Editorial Labor.
Abu-Lughod, L. (1986). Veiled sentiments. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Abu-Odeh, L. (2000). Crimes of honor and the construction of gender in Arab societies. En P. Ilkkaracan (Ed.), Women and sexuality in Muslim societies (pp. 215-228). Estambul: Women for women human rights-New Ways.
Ahmed, R. A & Gielen, U. P. (1998). Psychology in the Arab countries. Menoufi a, Egypt: Menoufi a University Press.
Akpinar, A. (1998). Male´s honor and female´s shame. Gender and ethnic identity constructions among Turkish divorcées in the migration context. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Uppsala.
Akpinar, A. (2003). The honor/shame complex revisited: violence against women in the migration context. Women’s studies international forum, 26, 5, 425-442.
Al-Khawaja, J. M. A. (1997). Clinical description of children’s anxiety during the Gulf War. Psychological Reports, 80 (3, Pt 1), 733-734. Al-Munyid Alabyadî, 7th edition (1989). Beirut, Líbano: Dar El-Machreq Sarl Publishers.
Antoun, R. T. (1968). On the modesty of women in Arab Muslim villages: A study in accommodation of traditions. American Anthropologist, 70, 671-697.
Ausubel, D. P. (1955). Relationship between shame and guilt in the socialization process. Psychological Review, 62(5), 378-390.
Ba’albaki, M. & Ba’albaki, R. (1999). Al-Mawrid: English-Arabic, Arabic-English Dictionary. Beirut: Dar al-’Ilm li-al-Malayin.
Barakat, H. (1993). The arab world. Society, culture and state. University of California Press.
Barry, D. T. (2005). Measuring acculturation among male Arab Immigrants in the United States: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Immigrant Health, 7(3), 179-184.
Barry, D. T.; Elliott, R. & Evans, E M. (2000). Foreigners in a strange land: Self-construal and ethnic identity in male Arabic immigrants. Journal of Immigrant Health, 2(3), 133-144.
Barr-Zisowitz, C. (2000). “Sadness”-Is there such a thing? En M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed.) (pp. 607-621). Nueva York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
Bar-Tal, D. (2004). The necessity of observing real life situations: Palestinian-Israeli violence as a laboratory for learning about social behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 34(6), 677-701.
Berger, M. (1964). El mundo árabe actual. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sur.
Bierbrauer, G. (1992). Reactions to violation of normative standards: A cross-cultural analysis of shame and guilt. International Journal of Psychology, 27, 2: 181-193.
Bourdieu, P. (1968). El sentimiento del honor en la sociedad de Cabilia. En J. G. Peristiany (ed.), El concepto de honor en la sociedad mediterránea (pp. 175-224). Barcelona: Editorial Labor.
Bourdieu, P. (2005). La dominación masculina. Barcelona: Anagrama.
Briggs, J. L. (1970). Never in anger: Portrait of an Eskimo family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Brown, L. C. & Itzkowitz, N. (1977). Psychological dimensions of near eastern studies. Princeton, Nueva Jersey: The Darwin Press.
Casado, C. (2003). La concepción de la emoción desde una perspectiva intercultural. El concepto de emocionado en varios idiomas y culturas. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Tesis Doctoral.
Casado, C. (2006). El concepto de emoción español emocionado. Revista de Psicología Social, 21 (1), 75-94.
Casado, C. (in progress). The concept of sadness: A cross cultural study.
Chaleby, K. (1992). Psychotherapy with Arab patients, toward a culturally oriented technique. Arab Journal of Psychiatry, 3(1), 16-27.
Comás, J. (2006, 14 de abril). Nueve años de cárcel para el turco que mató a su hermana en Berlín “por honor”. El País. http://www.fundacionmujeres.es/violenciasporhonor/informacionasp?id=640
Corriente, F. (1988). Nuevo diccionario español-árabe. Madrid: Instituto Hispano-Árabe de Cultura.
Delaney, C. (1991). The seed and the soil. Gender and cosmology in Turkish village society. California: University of California Press.
Diab, L. N. (1959). Authoritarianism and prejudice in near-eastern students attending American universities. Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 175-187.
Dodd, P. C. (1973). Family honor and the forces of change in Arab society. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 4, 40-54.
Ekman, P. (1984). Expression and the nature of emotion. En K. Scherer & P. Ekman (eds.), Approaches to emotion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Feghali, E. (1997). Arab cultural communication patterns. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21, (3), 345-378.
Gillespie, J. M. & Allport, G. W. (1955). Youth´s outlook on the future. Doubleday papers in Psychology, 15. Nueva York: Doubleday.
Glidden, H. W. (1972). The Arab world. American Journal of Psychiatry, 128 (8): 984-988.
Good, B. J., Good, M. D., & Moradi, R. (1985). The interpretation of Iranian depressive illness and dysphoric affect. En A. Kleinman & B. Good (Eds.), Culture and depression: Studies in the anthropology and cross-cultural psychiatry of affect and disorder (pp. 369-428). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gregg, G. S. (2005). The Middle East: A cultural psychology. Series in culture, cognition, and behavior. Nueva York, US: Oxford University Press.
Hamady, S. (1960). Temperament and character of the arabs. Nueva York: Twayne.
Jackson, M. L. (1997). Counseling Arab Americans. In C. C. Lee (Ed), Multicultural issues in counseling: New approaches to diversity (2nd ed.) (pp. 333-349). Alejandría, VA, US: American Counseling Association.
Khalid, M. (1977). The sociocultural determinants of Arab diplomacy. En G. N. Atiyeh (ed.), Arab and American cultures. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
Kurdish Women Action Against Honour Killing (KWAHK) (2002). In Memory of Fadime Sahindal: Thoughts on the Struggle Against “Honour Killing”. http://www.kwahk.org/index.asp
Laffi n, J. (1975). The arab mind: a need for understanding. Londres: Cassell.
Levy, R. I. (1973). Tahitians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lutz, C. (1988). Ethnographic perspectives on the emotion lexicon. En V. Hamilton, G. H. Bower & N. H. Frijda (Eds.), Cognitive perspective on emotion and motivation (pp. 399-419). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic.
Maalej, Z. (2004). Figurative language in anger expressions in Tunisian Arabic: An extended view of embodiment. Metaphor and Symbol, 19(1), 51-75
Mackey, S. (1987). Saudis: Inside the desert kingdom. Nueva York: Signet.
Melikian, L. (1956). Some correlates of authoritarianism in two cultural groups. Journal of Psychology, 42, 237-248.
Morocco, J. (1983). Some correlates of the Arab character. Psychology, A Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior, 20, Nº 3-4.
Moughrabi, F. M. (1978). The Arab basic personality: A critical survey of the literature. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 9, 99-112.
Patai, R. (1976). The arab mind. Nueva York: Charles Scribner´s Sons.
Pervizat, L. (2002). ‘‘Honour’’ killings in Turkey: Stories of extra-judicial executions. International Children’s Rights Monitor, 15(1), 18– 21.
Peristiany, J. G. (1968). El concepto de honor en la sociedad mediterránea (pp. 175-224). Barcelona: Editorial Labor.
Peristiany, J. G. (1974). Honour and shame: the values of Mediterranean society. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Pines, A. M. (1997). Gender differences in burnout: Israelis´ responses to the Intifada. European Psychologist, 2, 1, 28-34.
Pitt-Rivers, J. A. (1979). Antropología del honor o política de los sexos: La influencia del honor y el sexo en la vida de los pueblos mediterráneos. Barcelona: Crítica.
Prothro, E. T. & Melikian, L. H. (1953). The California Public Opinion Scale in an authoritarian culture. Public Opinion Quarterly, 17, 353-62.
Rosaldo, R. I. (1984). Grief and a headhunter´s rage: On the cultural force of emotions. En S. Plattner & E. M. Bruner (Eds.), Text, play and story: The construction and reconstruction of self and society (pp. 178-195). Washington, DC: American Ethnological Society.
Rubin, S. S. & Yasien-Esmael, H. (2004). Loss and bereavement among Israel’s Muslims: Acceptance of God’s will, grief, and the relationship to the deceased. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 49(2), 149-162.
Sanua, V. D. (1974). The Psychology of the arab peasantry an its implications for the arab-israeli conflict. Middle East Review, 2, 48-62.
Sarhan, E-D. A-M (1950). Interests and culture. Contributions to education, nº 959, Teachers College. Nueva York: Columbia University.
Sharabi, H. (1977). Impact of class and culture on social behavior: The feudal bourgeois family in Arab society. En L. C. Brown & N. Itzhowitz (eds.), Psychological dimensions of Near Eastern studies. Princeton, NJ: The Darwin Press.
Solomon, Z. (1996). Responses of mental health professionals to man-made trauma: The Israeli experience. Social Science & Medicine, 43(5), 769-774.
Souheil, I. & Jabbour, A-N. (2000). Al-Manhal Dictionnaire: Français-Arabe. Beirut, Líbano: Dar Aladab.
Wehr, H. (1979). A dictionary of modern written arabic. (Arabic-English). Editado por J. Milton Cowan, 4th edition. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Youssef, H. (1994). Arabic expression of emotion. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165(3), 407.
Zeid, A. A. M. (1968). Honor y vergüenza entre los beduinos de Egipto. En J. G. Peristiany (ed.), El concepto de honor en la sociedad mediterránea (pp. 225-239). Barcelona: Editorial Labor.