Virtudes y fortalezas del carácter en población adulta de Buenos Aires. Un estudio con un enfoque mixto émico/ético
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Resumen
El presente estudio tiene como objetivo establecer la validez cultural de la clasificación VIA (24 fortalezas en 6 virtudes) mediante la utilización de un enfoque mixto (ético/émico). Se intentó determinar si la clasificación VIA resultaba relevante culturalmente para poder capturar las respuestas de personas legas en ocasión de describir las características positivas de personajes protípicos admirados en un formato de respuesta libre (free listing). Participaron del estudio una muestra de 378 personas adultas de población general no consultante argentina, varones y mujeres. Los resultados señalan que las fortalezas más frecuentes fueron la integridad, la persistencia, la bondad y el amor, lo que da lugar a dos perfiles diferenciados de personajes prototípicos de características positivas. No se encontraron diferencias según sexo y edad. Los resultados sugieren que la clasificación VIA debe ser ajustada en función de las variables culturales.
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Palabras clave
psicología positiva, fortalezas del carácter, rasgos positivos
Número
Sección
Artículos originales
Derechos de autor 2017 Summa Psicológica
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Referencias
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Berry, H. (1969). On cross-cultural comparability. International Journal of Psychology, 4(2), 119-128. doi:10.1080/00207596908247261
Berry, J. (1989). Imposed etics, emics, derived etics. International Journal of Psychology, 24(6), 721-735. doi:10.1080/00207598908247841
Berry, J., Poortinga, Y., Segall, M. & Dasen, P. (2006). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Castro Solano, A. (Ed.). (2014). Positive Psychology in Latin America. Springer, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9035-2
Casullo, M. & Fernández, M. (2006). Las propuestas de La psicología positiva: ¿Universales psicológicos o particulares de una visión cultural? Anuario de Investigaciones, 14(25), 261-268. Recuperado de http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/anuinv/v14/v14a25.pdf
Cosentino, A. (2009). Evaluación de las virtudes y fortalezas humanas en población de habla hispana. Psicodebate, 10, 53-71. doi:10.18682/pd.v10i0.388
Cosentino, A. (2011). Fortalezas del carácter en militares argentinos (Tesis doctoral inédita, Universidad de Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina).
Cosentino, A. (2014). Character strengths: Measurement and studies in Argentina with military and general population samples. En A. Castro Solano (Ed.), Positive Psychology in Latin America (pp. 111-127). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9035-2_6.
Cosentino, A. & Castro Solano, A. (2012). Character Strengths: A Study of Argentinean Soldiers. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(1), 199-215. doi:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n1.37310
Cosentino, A. & Castro Solano, A. (2014). The assessment of multicultural strength: Design and validation of an openness to the other affective domain inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 30(4), 261-273. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000187
Christopher, J. & Hickinbottom, S. (2008). Positive psychology, ethnocentrism, and the disguised ideology of individualism. Theory & Psychology, 18(5), 563-589. doi:10.1177/0959354308093396
Dahlsgaard, K., Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. (2005). Shared virtue: The convergence of valued human strengths across culture and history. Review of General Psychology, 9(3), 203-213. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.203
Davidson, A., Jaccard, J., Triandis, H., Morales, M. & Díaz-Guerrero, R. (1976). Cross-cultural model testing: Toward a solution of the etic-emic dilemma. International Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 1-13. doi:10.1080/00207597608247343
Duan, W., Ho, S., Yu, B., Tang, X., Zhang, Y., Li, T. & Yuen, T. (2012). Factor structure of the Chinese virtues questionnaire. Research on Social Work Practice, 22(6), 680-688. doi:10.1177/1049731512450074
Fowler, R., Seligman, M. & Koocher, G. (1999). The APA 1998 annual report. American Psychologist, 54(8), 537-568. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.537
Hart, D. (1998). Can prototypes inform moral developmental theory? Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 420-423. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.3.420
Helfrich, H. (1999). Beyond the dilemma of cross-cultural psychology: Resolving the tension between etic and emic approaches. Culture & Psychology, 5(2), 131-153. doi:10.1177/1354067X9952002
Kagitcibasi, C. & Berry, J. (1989). Cross-cultural psychology: Current research and trends. Annual review of psychology, 40(1), 493-531. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.40.020189.002425
Khumalo, I., Wissing, M. & Temane, Q. (2008). Exploring the validity of the Values-In-Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) in an African context. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 18(1), 133-142. Recuperado de http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/721/khumalo_itumelengp.pdf;sequence=1
Lambert, L., Pasha-Zaidi, N., Passmore, H. & Al-Karam, C. (2015). Developing an indigenous positive psychology in the United Arab Emirates. Middle East Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 1-23. Recuperado de http://www.middleeastjournalofpositivepsychology.org/index.php/mejpp/article/view/24
Linley, P., Joseph, S., Harrington, S. & Wood, A. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 3-16. doi:10.1080/17439760500372796
Littman-Ovadia, H. & Lavy, S. (2012). Character strengths in Israel: Hebrew adaptation of the VIA Inventory of Strengths. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28(1), 41-50. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000089
López, S., Prosser, E., Edwards, L., Magyar-Moe, J., Neufeld, J. & Rasmussen, H. (2002). Putting positive psychology in a multicultural context. En C. Snyder & S. López (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 700-714). New York: Oxford University Press.
Lounsbury, J., Fisher, L., Levy, J. & Welsh, D. (2009). An investigation of character strengths in relation to the academic success of college students. Individual Differences Research, 7(1), 52-69. Recuperado de http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.453.9217&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Macdonald, C., Bore, M. & Munro, D. (2008). Values in action scale and the Big 5: An empirical indication of structure. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 787-799. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.10.003
Park, N. & Peterson, C. (2009). Strengths of character in schools. En R. Gilman, E. Huebner & M. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology in schools (pp. 65-76). Nueva York: Routledge.
Park, N., Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 603-619. Recuperado de http://www.viacharacter.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Character-strengths-well-being-Park-Peterson-Seligman-2004.pdf
Peterson, C. (2006). A primer in positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Peterson, C. & Park, N. (2009). Classifying and measuring strengths of character. En C. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2a ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0004
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington: APA Press and Oxford University Press.
Peterson, C., Park, N. & Seligman M. (2006). Greater strengths of character and recovery from illness. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 17-26. doi:10.1080/17439760500372739
Peterson, C., Park, N., Pole, N., D’Andrea, W. & Seligman, M. (2008). Strengths of character and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 214-217. doi:10.1002/jts.20332
Quinlan, M. (2005). Considerations for collecting Freelists in the field: Examples from ethobotany. Field Methods, 17(3), 219-234. doi:10.1177/1525822X05277460
Seligman, P. & Csíkszentmihályi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.5
Shryack, J., Steger, M., Krueger, R. & Kallie, C. (2010). The Structure of virtue: An empirical investigation of the dimensionality of the virtues in action inventory of strengths. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(6), 714-719. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.007
Singh, K. & Choubisa, R. (2010). Empirical validation of values in action-inventory of strengths (VIA-IS) in Indian context. Psychological Studies, 55(2), 151-158. doi:10.1007/s12646-010-0015-4
Sinha, D. (1997). Indiginizing psychology. En J. Berry, Y. Poortinga & J. Pandley (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Theory and method (Vol. 1, 2a ed., pp. 129-169). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Snyder, C., López, S. & Pedrotti, J. (2011). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths (2a ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
Steger, M., Hicks, B., Kashdan, T., Krueger, R. & Bouchard, T. (2007). Genetic and environmental influences on the positive traits of the Values in Action classification, and biometric covariance with normal personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(3), 524-539. Recuperado de http://mason.gmu.edu/~tkashdan/publications/genetics_positivetraits.pdf
Triandis, H., Malpas, R. & Davidson, A. (1973). Psychology and culture. Annual Review of Psychology, 24(1), 355-378.doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.24.020173.002035
Walker, L. & Pitts, R. (1998). Naturalistic conceptions of moral maturity. Developmental psychology, 34(3), 403. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34
Berry, H. (1969). On cross-cultural comparability. International Journal of Psychology, 4(2), 119-128. doi:10.1080/00207596908247261
Berry, J. (1989). Imposed etics, emics, derived etics. International Journal of Psychology, 24(6), 721-735. doi:10.1080/00207598908247841
Berry, J., Poortinga, Y., Segall, M. & Dasen, P. (2006). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Castro Solano, A. (Ed.). (2014). Positive Psychology in Latin America. Springer, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9035-2
Casullo, M. & Fernández, M. (2006). Las propuestas de La psicología positiva: ¿Universales psicológicos o particulares de una visión cultural? Anuario de Investigaciones, 14(25), 261-268. Recuperado de http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/anuinv/v14/v14a25.pdf
Cosentino, A. (2009). Evaluación de las virtudes y fortalezas humanas en población de habla hispana. Psicodebate, 10, 53-71. doi:10.18682/pd.v10i0.388
Cosentino, A. (2011). Fortalezas del carácter en militares argentinos (Tesis doctoral inédita, Universidad de Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina).
Cosentino, A. (2014). Character strengths: Measurement and studies in Argentina with military and general population samples. En A. Castro Solano (Ed.), Positive Psychology in Latin America (pp. 111-127). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9035-2_6.
Cosentino, A. & Castro Solano, A. (2012). Character Strengths: A Study of Argentinean Soldiers. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(1), 199-215. doi:10.5209/rev_SJOP.2012.v15.n1.37310
Cosentino, A. & Castro Solano, A. (2014). The assessment of multicultural strength: Design and validation of an openness to the other affective domain inventory. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 30(4), 261-273. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000187
Christopher, J. & Hickinbottom, S. (2008). Positive psychology, ethnocentrism, and the disguised ideology of individualism. Theory & Psychology, 18(5), 563-589. doi:10.1177/0959354308093396
Dahlsgaard, K., Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. (2005). Shared virtue: The convergence of valued human strengths across culture and history. Review of General Psychology, 9(3), 203-213. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.203
Davidson, A., Jaccard, J., Triandis, H., Morales, M. & Díaz-Guerrero, R. (1976). Cross-cultural model testing: Toward a solution of the etic-emic dilemma. International Journal of Psychology, 11(1), 1-13. doi:10.1080/00207597608247343
Duan, W., Ho, S., Yu, B., Tang, X., Zhang, Y., Li, T. & Yuen, T. (2012). Factor structure of the Chinese virtues questionnaire. Research on Social Work Practice, 22(6), 680-688. doi:10.1177/1049731512450074
Fowler, R., Seligman, M. & Koocher, G. (1999). The APA 1998 annual report. American Psychologist, 54(8), 537-568. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.537
Hart, D. (1998). Can prototypes inform moral developmental theory? Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 420-423. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.3.420
Helfrich, H. (1999). Beyond the dilemma of cross-cultural psychology: Resolving the tension between etic and emic approaches. Culture & Psychology, 5(2), 131-153. doi:10.1177/1354067X9952002
Kagitcibasi, C. & Berry, J. (1989). Cross-cultural psychology: Current research and trends. Annual review of psychology, 40(1), 493-531. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.40.020189.002425
Khumalo, I., Wissing, M. & Temane, Q. (2008). Exploring the validity of the Values-In-Action Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) in an African context. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 18(1), 133-142. Recuperado de http://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/721/khumalo_itumelengp.pdf;sequence=1
Lambert, L., Pasha-Zaidi, N., Passmore, H. & Al-Karam, C. (2015). Developing an indigenous positive psychology in the United Arab Emirates. Middle East Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 1-23. Recuperado de http://www.middleeastjournalofpositivepsychology.org/index.php/mejpp/article/view/24
Linley, P., Joseph, S., Harrington, S. & Wood, A. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 3-16. doi:10.1080/17439760500372796
Littman-Ovadia, H. & Lavy, S. (2012). Character strengths in Israel: Hebrew adaptation of the VIA Inventory of Strengths. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28(1), 41-50. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000089
López, S., Prosser, E., Edwards, L., Magyar-Moe, J., Neufeld, J. & Rasmussen, H. (2002). Putting positive psychology in a multicultural context. En C. Snyder & S. López (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 700-714). New York: Oxford University Press.
Lounsbury, J., Fisher, L., Levy, J. & Welsh, D. (2009). An investigation of character strengths in relation to the academic success of college students. Individual Differences Research, 7(1), 52-69. Recuperado de http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.453.9217&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Macdonald, C., Bore, M. & Munro, D. (2008). Values in action scale and the Big 5: An empirical indication of structure. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 787-799. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.10.003
Park, N. & Peterson, C. (2009). Strengths of character in schools. En R. Gilman, E. Huebner & M. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology in schools (pp. 65-76). Nueva York: Routledge.
Park, N., Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 603-619. Recuperado de http://www.viacharacter.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Character-strengths-well-being-Park-Peterson-Seligman-2004.pdf
Peterson, C. (2006). A primer in positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Peterson, C. & Park, N. (2009). Classifying and measuring strengths of character. En C. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of positive psychology (2a ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0004
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington: APA Press and Oxford University Press.
Peterson, C., Park, N. & Seligman M. (2006). Greater strengths of character and recovery from illness. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 17-26. doi:10.1080/17439760500372739
Peterson, C., Park, N., Pole, N., D’Andrea, W. & Seligman, M. (2008). Strengths of character and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 214-217. doi:10.1002/jts.20332
Quinlan, M. (2005). Considerations for collecting Freelists in the field: Examples from ethobotany. Field Methods, 17(3), 219-234. doi:10.1177/1525822X05277460
Seligman, P. & Csíkszentmihályi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.5
Shryack, J., Steger, M., Krueger, R. & Kallie, C. (2010). The Structure of virtue: An empirical investigation of the dimensionality of the virtues in action inventory of strengths. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(6), 714-719. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.007
Singh, K. & Choubisa, R. (2010). Empirical validation of values in action-inventory of strengths (VIA-IS) in Indian context. Psychological Studies, 55(2), 151-158. doi:10.1007/s12646-010-0015-4
Sinha, D. (1997). Indiginizing psychology. En J. Berry, Y. Poortinga & J. Pandley (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Theory and method (Vol. 1, 2a ed., pp. 129-169). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Snyder, C., López, S. & Pedrotti, J. (2011). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths (2a ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.
Steger, M., Hicks, B., Kashdan, T., Krueger, R. & Bouchard, T. (2007). Genetic and environmental influences on the positive traits of the Values in Action classification, and biometric covariance with normal personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(3), 524-539. Recuperado de http://mason.gmu.edu/~tkashdan/publications/genetics_positivetraits.pdf
Triandis, H., Malpas, R. & Davidson, A. (1973). Psychology and culture. Annual Review of Psychology, 24(1), 355-378.doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.24.020173.002035
Walker, L. & Pitts, R. (1998). Naturalistic conceptions of moral maturity. Developmental psychology, 34(3), 403. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34